Conferences and conventions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Conferences and conventions - Essay ExampleRecently crowds and conventions have started extended facilities to delegate families and there is not a single rescue which would say that it did not get benefited by crowds. THE economic contribution of conferences to the Welsh economy is underscored in the financial results of the Cardiff Conference Bureau. This council initiative has won descent for the city worth 1.7m during 2006 http//icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0300business/0100news/tm_headline=conference-business-boosts-cardiff-by--pound-1-7m&method=full&objectid=18363801&siteid=50082-name_page.html Another face of conferences is the advantage being gained by tourism industry. By placing conferences in far away venues of cultural, naturalistic and historical backdrops, umpteen countries and business have given enormous facelift to the tourism industry. This has given way to business tourism, considered today as a major weapon of tourism. Britain is an important country that has b een benefited by business tourism, mainly because it is reachable from all directions and has well developed, affordable venues. are rumoured to be affordable. One of the UK advertisements says Vibrant, dynamic cities, elegant health spa towns combining tradition with state-of-the-art facilities and cosmopolitan seaside resorts... Britain has it all http//www.visitbritain.com/VB3-nb-NO/businesstourism/conferencesconventions/conferences_conventions.aspx Indian cities with luxurious five star hotels and much cheaper economy have provided some to a greater extent major business tourism destinations, where many international conferences and conventions are held today. The wildlife sanctuaries, historical monuments, natural wonders, religious temples have all... Conferences and conventions have created a global industry of their own. The origins of the conference industry are quite recent and it has been connected with business tourism and leisure tourism throughout. New trend of winnin g through partnerships has started in the business world. Business touring workshops are setting the trend.There are many direct expenditure benefits of conferences to the local area. In United Kingdom, conferences, meetings, conventions have created tourism benefit. Many conference venues and their neighbouring towns and cities usually become tourist centres for the convention representatives. According to a study conducted by UK National Tourist Board, with detailed figures of conference spending in the course of study 2001, total cost direct expenditure of one conference was 1,092,960/-. Conferences and conventions also bring benefits to human resources, and employees. Conferences are about communication.An industry has developed to hasten the satisfaction of the objectives of face to face communication the conference industry. Suppliers to the industry are as diverse as their clients Conference centres, hotels, specialist intermediaries, convention bureaux, caterers, productio n companies, and many others all cooperate to create the right atmosphere and infrastructure, conducive to communication

PYS60 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PYS60 - Essay ExamplePython is based on C and allow for heavily rely on the C libraries that can be imported, though it has a perfect fit with UNIX, POSIX and Linux languages. The program was developed in 1991 by Rossums wagon train Guido based on lessons that he had leant in the course of operating system support and language processes (Scheibe and Tuulos, 2). The main advantage of the language is that it is an open system that offers admission charge to Operating System (OS) services making it possible to create and develop high level solutions based on other already built programs. As such, the program allows a perfect integration with existing applications or programs and perfect processing all together. Some of the features that make the program the choice for many hold its security, dynamism, port superpower, ease of interpretation, multithread, robustness among others. This explains the high performance of mobile phones that drop Python, such as the Nokia N97 in image sta bilization and improved processor performance to pull off AR applications with at a high degreeoffineness. Python uses in mobile devices Today, as cultivation of the digital gadgets increases, mobile phone penetration has increased enormously in the last one decade. Currently, there is over 50% penetration around the globe, a figure estimated to hit 70% mark by 2010 (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). As a result, the power of mobile phone hardware has improved in power and us efficiency, which calls for the robust interfaces to complement mobile phone hardware. The mobile phone usability and speeds suppose on its processor with faster processors allowing high speed image processing, which is closely related to a variety of other services. These servicesincludethe ability to invent motions, high speed processing during mobile games and improvement ofprocessor speeds when handlingdemanding applications. Consequently, most phones built on Symbian OS series 60 have the ability to clock a speed of 434MHz, a good example being Nokia N97 and some PCs that can clock a 1GHz speed (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). The study advantage of Python use in mobile phone platforms is its ability to ensure powerful Augmented Reality (AR) applications. Development of applications is usually a complex task. However, the use of Python as the main language has proved to make the process much easier. Smartphones are today powerful enough to run AR applications and have the ability to undertake threaded processing and have the needed hardware resources, which include connectivity capability and inbuilt cameras. As a result, Python is the best programming language to addresses the development issues that are usually complex in mobile programming when integrated with the mobile software platform (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). In other words, in mobile phones, Python quickly supports object-oriented programming, multiple inheritances, name spaces among other flexible language properties and offers a high level integrated language despite its simple structure (Soares, 3). Python use in mobile platforms has improved due to the ability to speed up and make simple Virtual Reality (VR) and AR processes in all desktop applications. For exemplify in the recent development, Nokia Company imported Python to their Symbian OS for the S60 platform (PyS60), an approach that made it possible to extend by C++ and offer the right of get at to the S60 native features. The main advantage of the

Teaching Science During the Early Childhood Years Essay

Teaching Science During the Early Childhood Years - Essay ExampleThese professionals include all the individuals who directly serve pip-squeakren right from their through and through the age of 8 (Who are Early Childhood Professionals). Thus such schools and centers help in the initial development of mental, physical and social growth of the child along with education. The importance of educators in these centers is evident from the fact that children in early childhood education programs require teachers who are not only academically competent but also have a sound knowledge in child development. Instead a high-quality support system should be offered to teachers in do-gooder to a competent pay package and opportunities for professional development (Hyson, Tomlinson and Carol). In order to gain high-quality knowledge on early childhood education it is incumbent to enroll in programs that are based on the National Association for the Education of Young Children Standards (NAEYC) which help prepare graduates competently for this profession as it not only includes childhood education but also concentrates on learning the overall development of the child, to effectively communicate with the families, using assessments appropriately and altogether helps in becoming a through professional in this field.

Crime and corruption among the police officers how safe are we Essay Example for Free

Crime and corruption among the police officers how safe atomic number 18 we EssayHow argon Safe We?When killers atomic number 18 fin aloney put to justice, for most, there is an immense sigh of relief knowing that they will be able to sleep rise at night. However, with hundreds of police officers roaming around in the streets, ar people ever really safe? According to the judicial system, yes, thats what theyre here for. To hit us feel safe. So why is it then, that as time goes by, people seem to not just fear the cops, but even view them as killers themselves? That is because the besides real difference between a killer and a cop is a uniform. When someone commits a crime, specifically murder, the ideal is that they receive a punishment that is best suited for them. John Wayne Gacy, also known as the killer clown who raped and murdered at least 33 males, was sentenced to dying and executed in 1994 by allowhal injection. Bowling Green State University conducted a study on jurisprudence knowledgeable Misconduct (2014). They found that many another(prenominal) cases of sex-related crimes were often during work hours, and even had victims younger than 18. They also found that most of these cases went unreported, and why wouldnt they? Who can one go for help when those who are vatic to make society feel safe are the same people causing fear? Michael Medved from U.S. Today tells us to slow down because he believes that the cops are the good guys. In an article written and published in U.S. Today, Medved states that statistics from the Bureau of Justice show that crime has reached an all-time low in 1991, and apparently it lone(prenominal) continues to decrease. Again, that is most likely due to the fact that not many crimes are reported, especially not those committed by cops themselves. The only difference between Gacy and the cops on the street is that people have an idea about how many victims he had. Society is clueless as to how many rape victi ms a cop has, let alone how many the entire cops have all together.Criminal law has a way of separating those who are in danger from those who cause the danger. Of course, there are those who believe the justice system to be corrupt, and they wouldnt be wrong. Messerschmidt, author of Criminology A Sociological approach, states that if a police officer kills someone, the killing is not murder, match to criminal law, if it is reasonable under the circumstances and if it occurs in the lawful execution of police duties. The loophole here, a cop could simply claim self-defense, it was justifiable since often clock officers feel isolated and vulnerable, (Medved). Then again, Alton Sterling was on the ground when he was shot by Officer Blane Salamoni, as well as Vernell Bing, shot to devastation simply because he got outside his car.There has been an increase in the use of deadly force by the police recently. All over social media, news, and radio, we are constantly watching police kil l people, specifical minorities. It is hard to ignore history and view this as a sudden problem that is new to society, it is a pains weve heard more than once. Yet, we still manage to make the serial killers like Dean Corl, Larry Eyler, Ted Bundy, and Ed Gein seem like the only ones capable of cold-blooded murder. When sounding at Jenkins analysis (Messerschmidt, 39), serial killers had no more than 350 to 400 murders each year during the 1980s. According to a site on facebook label Killed by practice of law, 1,207 people killed by the police in the year 2015, and according to an article by Dr. Q, called How Many People contract Been Killed by the Police? they had 457 arrest-related deaths. However, the number could most certainly be higher, since Dr. Q expressed his concerns with just how inaccurate the number could be due to the fact that the estimates included in the report only count homicides committed by police that were determined to be legally justified by a government agency.I believe that often, we as a society dont want to come to the realization that the people who most likely deserve to be inside bars are the ones who are making the arrests. We should watch out for police as much as we do for strangers who are acting funny because the reason cops are more atrocious than any other hate-filled organization out there is that in the end, it doesnt matter if the cop is black or white. Corruption sees no color, therefore, we are all in danger. Both subjects, killers, and cops, have committed crimes that unspeakable and questionable. The sooner we are able to see the two as similar, the sooner we can come up with ways to put a stop to such corruption.Works CitedMejia, Paula. Why Cops Get Away With Rape. Newsweek. N.p., 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. http//www.newsweek.com/police-sexual-assault-rape-justice-258130.Stinson, Philip M., John Liederbach, Steven Brewer L., and Brooke Mathna E. Police Sexual Misconduct. N.p., 2014. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. http//scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029context=crim_just_pub.Medved, Michael. Slow Down, Police Are the Good Guys Column. USA Today. Gannett, 21 Aug. 2014. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. http//www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/08/21/police-militarization-ferguson-crime-violence-justice-bureau-column/14307505/.Kindy, Kimberly, Wesley Lowery, Steven Rich, Julie Tate, and Jennifer Jenkins. Fatal Shootings by Police Are up in the First Six Months of 2016, Post Analysis Finds. Washington Post. The Washington Post, 7 July 2016. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. https//www.washingtonpost.com/national/fatal-shootings-by-police-surpass-2015s-rate/2016/07/07/81b708f2-3d42-11e6-84e8-1580c7db5275_story.html.Q, Dr. How Many People Have Been Killed by the Police? Massachusetts CopBlock. N.p., 15 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. http//masscopblock.org/how-many-people-have-been-killed-by-the-police/.

Why I want To Be President Essay Example for Free

wherefore I want To Be President EssayHolaWhy did the chicken cross the road?Well, according to George W. Bush, the President of the United States, a proper answer could be.We dont really care why the chicken crossed the road. We unless want to know if the chicken is on our side of the road or not. The chicken is either with us or it is against us. There is no middle give here.However, I am not George Bush, and this speech is closely me running for chair of the Foreign Language Honour Society. But what about language? Let us consider our own language, English, which is considered by many to be one of the hardest languages in the world to learn or speak. I contract an interesting quote about the English language that goesLets face it English is a terrible language.There is no egg in the eggplant, no ham in the hamburger and incomplete pine nor apple in the pineapple. English muffins were not invented in England, French fries were not invented in France. We sometimes take En glish for granted. But if we pick up its paradoxes we find that Quicksand takes you down slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.If writers write, how come fingers dont fing. If the plural form of tooth is teeth, shouldnt the plural of phone booth be phone beeth. If the teacher taught, why didnt the preacher praught. If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what the heck does a humanitarian eat? Why do plurality recite at a play, yet play at a recital? Park on driveways and drive on parkways. You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language where a house can burn up as it burns down and in which you fill in a form by filling it out. And a bell is only heard once it goesEnglish was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human wash (which of course isnt a race at all). That is why when the stars are out they are visible, but when the lights are out they are invisible. And why it is that when I end my wa tch it starts but when I wind up this story it ends?But back to the real reason for this speech.Why I want to be professorship? Because I think I would be a good oneOf course, everyone would say that, wouldnt they? But I really mean it. Every elected official wants to make a difference, and though, not all of them do, they all want to. Yet, I know I can make a difference in this Society, a difference that will not only improve things but make being a member of this Society something to be really royal of.Language is an art and the more languages a person knows then the broader their abilities to communicate with others. Communication is the key to any problem or any situation so when true communication is achieved, then the world can only improve from the classroom to the world of states.This always reminds me of a quote I once read by a former politican.When I was a young man, I wanted to change the world. I found it was difficult to change the world, so I tried to change my nat ion. When I found I couldnt change the nation, I began to focus on my town. I couldnt change the town and as an older man, I tried to change my family. Now, as an old man, I realize the only thing I can change is myself, and suddenly I realize that if farsighted ago I had changed myself, I could have made an impact on my family. My family and I could have made an impact on our town. Their impact could have changed the nation and I could indeed have changed the world.No matter how small a group is, they can always make a difference and as the president of this Society, I know that I can help this Society make a big difference in our school and in our own lives.

The novel Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

The novel Great Expectations EssayGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in the 19th century (1860-1861). It is state to be one of the classics of the English literary heritage and several call for adaptations lease been made of it. It first appeared in a weekly magazine called each the year round. Great Expectations is a intensity in which Dickens returned to the theme of a youths discovery of the realities of life. An unknown person provides the young hero, fritter, with money so that off can live as a gentleman. Pips pride is shattered when he learns thither source of his Great Expectations. Only by revising his values does Pip restore his life on a foundation of empathy rather than on social position. In this coursework I shall be comparing two film variations David Leans 1944 obtuse and white version starring John Nutts and the 1997 colour version directed by Alfonso Cuaron which features, Ethan Hawke Gwyneth Paltrow Anne Bankcroft and Robert Deniro. I int end to compare the opening chapters in the two film versions, in which the young Pip/Finn encounters a scary convict who later becomes a momentous figure in Pips life.Both films start with the adult junction of Pip/Finn reflecting on his childhood. The David Lean (1944) version closely follows the actual text whereas Alfonso Cuarons Version follows a sequential determine but digresses greatly from the text.As the ascribe began rolling there are a variety of styles of music. The first style that we hear is a full orchestra and it then harrows down to only one transverse flute which plays a childish style of music which is obviously representing the young PIP. Afterwards it goes into a romantic mood and after that a sad mood. It finally becomes a symphony of emotion to signify the films happy ever after ending. In the opening scene we start with a long shot of Pip and the track of pip across the field. At the camera is tracking Pip we see many images of death, for example as Pip is running the audition see a number of Jibbets.As Pip is running the audience is able to see how closely David Lean has followed the text. The marshes are seen to be just a long bleak horizontal line and the river a long horizontal line but non much thicker. The sky is also just a row of sore red lines and dense black ones. The camera again zooms in on Pips face to show us his apprehension as he climbs over the wall. The audience is able to see many gravestones are crooked and a lot of plants and weeds are overgrown. This suggests that this churchyard is uncared for. This adds tension to the opening scene because we wonder wherefore this young child is there. All throughout the opening scene there is wind sound affects. The wind is an eerie sound which also adds to the tension of the scene. When I was watching Pip I felt a lot of sympathy because I had seen from the gravestone that both of his parents had died and learned that his only relative was his sister who he lived with and she wasnt exactly a ray of sunshine.Alfonso Cuarons version also starts with the credits first which is unusual for a modern day film. As the credits begin there is soft music with very exotic instruments such as a rainpie. The letters of peoples names appears in a fluid pattern, which gives us a debile flavoring. This s a good technique as it sets the audience up for the opening scene where intimacys are not necessarily as they seem. The first thing the audience sees is the character of Finn Pip) looking at the fish and then climbing into the boat. Finn takes out a notebook and begins to draw. At this point there is virtually no tension as there is an ordinary boy who is playing inthe sunshine and frankly looks quite happy. There is none of the heart tugging emotion that is evident in Leans black and white version. Finn then climbs out of his boat and carries on looking for more fish to draw. All of a sudden there is a big cloud of red forming underneath the water then a hand comes out of the water and grabs Finn and we realise that this is the convict. This method is more effective than Leans version because it is so unexpected there is virtually no tension at all up to this point. Whereas Leans version builds the tension up so high that we very expect something to happen to PIP.I assume that David Lean directed his film as he did in order to retain the essential authenticity of the book. This was grievous for Lean to do because the book has a way of taking you out of your own reality and this was what the people of 1944 needed to get away from the Second knowledge base War. Whilst the 1997 version is not trying to reproduce a historical piece- it is a modern version of the plot transposed to America. I believe that Cuaron did this in order to make the film more realistic, so that the audience could feel that this can happen to anybody. In doing this Cuaron lost the essence of the plot, with its fairytale ending.The similarity that I have seen i n the two films is the contrast of Pip/Finn compared to the convict. The directors are both trying to balance Pip/Finns innocence compared to the convicts corruption. Lean does this by keeping Pip mannerly and sincere all the time while the convict is strangling and pushing him etc. Cuaron does this by making the convict swear to scare Finn I feel that Cuaron does this because he thinks he needs to do more to shock the modern day.The main differences between the two versions are the location, setting and background. For example Cuarons version had an American actor doing Finns voiceover, it took away some of the reality of the film because I feel that Great Expectations is so typically English. I can agree to some accomplishment that both films had a strong opening which is essential in a film. The reason for this is because if there is a weak opening t the film you allow not want to watch the rest of it the same when reading a book if the first few chapters are not engaging you will not want to finish the book.Generally I preferred David Leans version because it kept to the book. Maybe I might have differently if I hadnt read the book first, but the 1997 version deviated from the book so much that I was confused which character was meant to be which. Lea I felt was also much more effective in setting up the story. Although both films id follow a chronological order, David Leans 1944 version kept very closely to the text where as the sloped version altered the location and dialogue of the novel.David Lean built up the tension first using sound effects I.e. wind and bustling trees, the insipidity of the marshes and using the numerous visions of death I.e. the jibbet and the crooked gravestones.

Employee Turnover In Pharmaceutical Companies In Kenya Management Essay

Employee Turnover In Pharmaceutical Companies In Kenya Management EssayThe objective of the study was to investigate giveee employee turnover problem in Pharmaceutical industries in Kenya with a case study of Ranbaxy Laboratories limited. The study specifically investigated on staff retentiveness measures utilized by the completement, whether rifle interviews are conducted, and the fighting of final payment program and whether the contributoryness of the turn tail place environs as factors that may cave in to workforce turnover in this sector.The study select a descriptive enquiry design to identify the employee turnover factors and a sample size of 50 employees were selected using a simple random have since the population for the purpose of this study was regarded as homogeneous. The study collected both primary and secondary data using semi-structured questionnaire and reexamine of empirical and theoretical literatures respectively. The instruments were master test ed for reliability checks. Statistical software SPSS was utilise for data compendium and generation of charts and graphs. Analysis took both descriptive and inferential dimensions where some elements of measure of primordial tendency and regression analysis were employed respectively.The study revealed that constitution lacked effective staff retention strategies, where return interviews were non regularly and effectively conducted, the employed recognize program was not emulous and existence of unfriendly work place environment influenced most employees to take leave the arrangement. thence it was concluded that lack of effective strategies to manage these factors influenced most pharmaceutic companies to continue experiencing mettlesome staff turnover rates that starting timeer the total organization productivity and increase running costs by recurrent recruitment costs, production disrupting and broken clients relationships. The study recommended that these factors should be part of the organization business strategy rather than being left to managers to act.Key spoken language Employee turnover, Retention strategies, Exit interviews, Work environment and, Compensation.IntroductionTurnover is the rate at which workers are replaced with new staff members in an organization. Turnover rate is mensural by dividing the number of resignations by number of staff in a given period of time usually a calendar year. Gberevbie, (2008) refers to frequent project turnover as a state of affairs in an organization whereby employees for reasons best known to them based on their perception of personnel policies and practice of an organization resign or leave their job. Employees switch organizations for several reasons. These reasons could be either organization related or job related. Managers would readily agree that retaining the top performers results in higher customer satisfaction, quality improvement, effective succession planning and a capacious in crease in organization knowledge and learning. Smith (2001) discusses companies with work environments that close in and retain largish number and where people are willing to give their best. These environments arent expensive. In fact, they save money. In most cases, they improve retention and productivity without lavish salaries or bonuses. And they certainly lower the expense of continually hiring and training new people. Estimates suggest that separation, replacement and training costs are 1.5 to 2.5 times annual salary for individually person who quits, which means that the departure of a middle manager usually costs an organization around $75,000 (Dalton et al., 1993). Employees who perceive relationships with customers provide correct military service. Customers who receive better service express fewer complaints and thereby create fewer problems for employees. Employees in turn react more favorably to encounters with customers. These reactions result in better service which again leads to higher customer satisfaction. Providing adequate health care to the populations remains a major challenge for governments in Africa .Access of drugs is dependent on both affordability and quality. The pharmaceutical sector is Kenya is dominated by multinational companies and generic companies who either import ready products or locally manufactured products.The domestic pharmaceutical industry shows considerable strength and has signifi loafert opportunities for growth. Imported generics make 28% of the securities industry share (UNIDO survey, 2009). The reports goes on to say exports to Tanzania and Uganda are growing and still more potential for Kenya to usher its self as a major source in Southern Sudan. For purpose of this study, the researcher focused on Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, an integrated, research based, international pharmaceutical association producing a wide range of quality, affordable generic medicines, trusted by healthcare professional s and patients across geographies, the company has a unique model of applauding and recognizing individual and aggroup effort through (APPRECIATE) program designed to motivate performance (www.ranbaxy.com). The Companys business philosophy is based on delivering value to its stakeholders by constantly inspiring its people to innovate, achieve excellence and lop new global benchmarks.Statement of the ProblemThe private health sector in Kenya contributes around 13% to the GDP and has generally remained unchanged since 1995(KPPB, 2007). Out of this, Pharmaceutical industries account for a whopping 10.3% in its contribution to the GDP. Although on average this is seen as stagnation, it is considered as one of the largest in easternmost and Central Africa. Nevertheless, due to increased development of conventional medicines and awareness about preventive culture in the urban population, the industry has registered a high aim of growth and innovation that has turned the sector into a vibrant business domain. This has seemingly attracted the attention of many entrepreneurs resulting to massive investment both at large and retail scale levels.Empirical studies (Wilson and Peel, 1990) on pharmaceutical industries have indicated that the industry is characterized by a stiff competition. In Kenya, the proliferations of the biotechnology marketplace have greatly revolutionized the industry operations. Organizations are increasingly at risk of losing key sales personnel to competitors and new market entrants. In a recent benchmarking study, Best Practices anchor that the 2006 aggregate annual turnover of employees for the pharmaceutical and biotech industries in Kenya is 14.2%. According to (Paul and Anantharaman, 2003) ,increasing turnover of sales people is particularly problematic for the larger pharmaceutical companies as littler market entrants, particularly biotechnology firm keep on attracting their employees.. This resulted into massive exodus of employees fr om the pharmaceutical subsector into these upcoming biotechnology firms since the skills required is the same in both sub sector.This has evidently affected the Pharmaceutical industries since they responded to these pressures by focusing on its innovative segment and increasing its RD expenditures by means of in-house innovation, technological and therapeutic market specialization, and mergers and acquisitions of companies within and outside the pharmaceutical industry resulting to declining profits and stagnation (Kundu Malhan, 2007). Most studies (Delaney and Huselid,1996) done of the employee turnover sought to establish preliminary indices for employee turnover attitudes in divergent subsector hence making many statistics that describes the turnover of employees as abundant. In spite of having many studies undertaken on staff turnover in pharmaceutical companies, none of t he studies have managed to come up with an effective solution on how pharmaceutical companies should em ploy effective staff retention measures, conduct tone ending interviews, employ effective rewards programs and provide better working environment. This has therefore created a wide knowledge gap on staff turnover steering and hence created a need to conduct a study on factors bestow to the employee turnover in pharmaceutical companies in Kenya.Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, which is one of the largest and leading chains in the pharmaceutical laboratories with highest turnover according to the preliminary indices, (Delaney and Huselid, 1996) its recent employee satisfaction survey of 2009 indicated that 50% of the employees snarl they would not be in the company for the next two geezerhood and 69% felt their intention to quit is influenced by management not peers. Considering Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited as a case, this study therefore sought to investigate the factors that contribute to employee turnover in pharmaceutical industries in Kenya.Overall Objective of the StudyThe gen eral objective of the study is to investigate factors contributing to the employee turnover in pharmaceutical companies in Kenya, a case study of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Specific ObjectivesThe study aimed to-To investigate employee retention actions as a factor contributing to employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.To rise out whether exit interviews affect employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.To find out the competiveness of reward program as a factor contributing to employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited..To establish whether the work place environment affect employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Research QuestionThe study sought answers for the following questionsDoes employee retention actions as a factor contributing to employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Do exit interviews affect employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Does competiveness of reward program as a factor contributing to employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Do the work place environment affect employee turnover in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited.Scope of the StudyIn the literature, the variables that influence the turnover of the employees in an organization is vast. Since piece resource management is to a fault a socially complex process which is intertwined with soldiery of organizational factors, it further diversifies the reasons as to why employees leave their organizations. Thus, this study focused only on retention action employed by the organization, exit interviews, competitiveness of reward program and status of workplace environment as factors influencing the employee turnover investigated. The study will limit itself to the case of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited only.Literature ReviewBoth the theoretical and empirical reviews on employee turnover and its variables were conducted. This resulted into array of constructs (retention strategy, exit interviews, reward strategy, workplace environment a nd employee turnover) and their relationships which was conceptualized in the following schematic diagram below. This was used as the Conceptual framework which guided the study.Retention dodgeExit InterviewsEmployee TurnoverReward StrategyWork place EnvironmentIndependent Variables Dependant VariableResearch MethodologyThis chapter focused on research design, try, instrumentation, data collection, data analysis and interpretation.Research DesignThe research adopted descriptive approach. This is because, the study aim to describe employee turnover phenomena using different set of independent variable cluster. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists, with respect to variables or conditions in a situation (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999).Population and SamplingThe study focused on pharmaceutical industry in Kenya which is the target population regarded as the larger population on which the findings were rea son to. The study population was mployees of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited. A target population is the total collection of elements about which one wishes to make some inferences (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample size of 50 employees out of the total 75 employee of the study population. Since most variables under investigations are related to pauperism, stratification is undeniable to consider the different cadres of employees which pose motivation implications. This is equivalent to 66.67% sample size. According to Dempsey, (2003) a sample size of 50% is appropriate for generalization of the gathered findings in descriptive research. This therefore surpasses the threshold suggested by Dempsey, (2003) for generalization purposes and thus, regarded as adequate. The list sourced from the Human Resource department of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited was used as a sampling frame. entropy Collection and InstrumentationPrimary data collection was through the questionnaire using a semi structured questionnaire that was interviewer-administered. Secondary data was through review of the theoretical and empirical literatures sourced from books and scholarly journals, Internet and conference papers among others.Pilot TestA pilot study was conducted to test reliability of the instrument (questionnaire). This snarled selecting 2 respondents from each strata and issuing them with the questionnaires. Data was obtained using the questionnaires and after evaluating and identifying the reply, reliability analysis using Kunder-Richardson 20 formulae was conducted. The results were applied to modify or drop the items whose thresholds were low. Data reliability also plays an important role towards generalization of the gathered data to reflect the research objective.Data Analysis and PresentationDescriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze quantitative data where data was s amountd by calculating the percentage s and means. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software was used specifically for the purpose of analyzing the quantitative data and presenting it inform of table, figures and graphs. Linear Regression analysis was also used to show the relationship between research variables. Qualitative data analysis method was employed to analyze qualitative data gathered using open end questions.Summary of the Major FindingsResponse RateThe response rate was 80%. This is regarded adequate in line with the literature by Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) which recommends 70% as a good response rate in descriptive studies.Respondents Demographic ProfileMajority of the respondents (50%) were within the age bracket 31-40 days, 24% within the age bracket of 18-30, and 13% within the age bracket of 41-50 days and 51 years and above. On the education level, majority of the respondents (62%) had attained university education level and 25% had attained college education level. Regard ing working experience most of the respondents (35%) had a working experience of 3-5 years, 25% 6-7 years, 18% 3-5 years, 20% had a working experience of less than 2years and 20% had a working experience of 8 years and above. This indicated that most of the study respondents were experienced and educated and hence expected to give relevant information for this study.Employee Retention StrategiesMajority (58%) of the respondents indicated the organization lacked effective employee retention strategies maculation 42% felt otherwise. The 58% felt management lacked understanding on retention strategies. This concurs with Ruth (2004) that managers who have greater understanding on causes of employee turnover are likely to employ effective employee retention strategies in order to retain competent and most skilled employee. Further 80% of the respondents felt that the strategies employed do not minimize employee turnover. Using Likert scale method rating 4 very effective,3-effective,2-M oderate and 1 not effective 5-very effective, (50%) rated the effectiveness of the employed employee retention strategies as being moderate, 18% effective, 20% not effective and 12% very effective. From this we can infer majority of the employee rated average. This concurs with findings by Baker (2004) that organization that lacks very effectives employee retention strategies faces cases of high employee turnover rates that contributes to loss of the most skilled and competent employee. The low standard deviation indicates that there was negligible error during the analysis and the air division results demonstrates that respondents gave similar answers as the answers variation was close to each other and hence giving a clear indication that the answers given were reliable From the findings, it can be concluded that lack of effective employee retention strategies contributed to high employee turnover rates in the organization.Exit InterviewsMajority of the respondents (68%) were of the opinion that employees leaving the organization were not subjected to exit interviews. However, 32% of the respondents expressed that the employees were subjected to exit interviews. This agreed with suggestion by Armstrong (2006) that presence of exit interviews in organization assists human resource management to establish the core causes of high employee turnover. Concerning whether exit interviews help the organization to find out the reasons for employee turnover (83%) answered no indicating that exit interviews did not help to establish reasons why employees left the organization and (37%) felt otherwise. The majority who answered no explained that the organization lacked effective exit interview program that helped in capturing the organization problems influencing high employee turnover. Regarding the frequency of conducting exit interviews respondents (47.5%) stated that exit interviews were rarely conducted, 40% stated sometimes, 7.5% never and only 5% who stated exit interviews were always conducted. Exit interviews were rarely conducted since the management was not conscious on the reasons contributing to high employee turnover rates and this agreed with Nelly (2002) that human resource managers who are not mindful about employees turnover do not draw out out exit interviews and instead concentrates on employing new employees. The study hence concluded that conducting exit interviews could help human resource management in pharmaceutical to effectively manage high employee turnover rates. The table shows that a low standard deviation was obtained in all questions, indicating that the answers given were accurate. A low unevenness in all the questions shows that the respondents answered the questions in a similar way and hence the responses given were reliable.Reward ProgramThe study sought to find out competitiveness of the reward program.73% of the respondents felt the reward program was not competitive and it was one of the reasons that infl uenced employees to leave. This agrees with Nzuve (2007) that absence of competitive rewards in the organization lead to low level of employee motivation that influences most employee to leave the organization hence increasing the rate of employee turnover.85% of the respondents indicated absence of competitive reward programs in the organization contributed to high employee turnover while 15% felt otherwise. As can be observed from the table a mean of 1.27 and 1.85 was obtained in the two questions indicating that organization lacked competitive reward programs and absence of competitive reward programs contributed high employee turnover rates.Work place EnvironmentAn overwhelming (80%) of the respondents felt their work environment was not conducive while 20% felt it was conducive. The majority 80% felt that the work environment contributed to employee turnover. Using Likert Scale where 5 -very large externt4-large extent, 3-moderate extent, 2-small extent and 1- not at all, major ity of the respondents (60%) stated that work place environment contributed to employee turnover to a very large extent, 20% large extent, 10% moderate extent and 5% small extent and not at all respectively. A mean of 1.20 indicates that organization work place environment was not conducive, a mean of 1.80 shows that work place environment contributed to high employee turnover rate and a mean of 4.25 indicated that work place environment contributed to employee turnover to a large extent. A low variance and a low standard deviation demonstrate that the answers given by the respondents were accurate.Regression AnalysisA regression equation to show the relationship between the independent variables and subordinate variable was derivedY = a + bX1 + bX2 + bX3 + bX4 + e=r2The values for b0, b1, b2, b3 and b4 are.569, .330, .095, .160 and .132 therefore the equationY = .569+.330+.095+ .160 +.132This indicates that there is a strong relationship between, employee retention, exit interview s, reward program, work place environment and employee turnover. A coefficient of .330 indicates that employment of effective employee retention strategies reduces employee turnover by 0.330,a coefficient of .095 indicates application of exit interviews reduces employee turnover by 0.095. A coefficient of.160 presents that application of effective reward programs reduces employee turnover by 0.16. A coefficient of .132 indicates that conducive workplace environment helps to reduce employee turnover by 0.132.ConclusionBased on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that employee retention strategy was a major factor that greatly contributed to high employee turnover rates in the organization. The study also plunge out that one of the critical parameter of collecting data form the exiting employees, exit interviews were not regularly conducted whenever employees left the organization. And this hampered the organization human resource management to identify the core reasons t hat influenced employees to leave the organization. Lack of competitive reward program greatly contributed to high employee turnover rates in the organization since the organizations reward portion was not competitive and also lacks the elements of totality in its reward system. Finally it can be concluded that the organization working environment was not conducive to most of the employees and this contributed to high employee turnover. This is expected since laboratories like workshops are characteristically identified with the workplace environments which they offer.RecommendationsEmployee turnover should not be left to be handled by the human resource department alone rather it should be looked at as part of the overall business strategy since human capital is one of the major factors of production. This way , factors that are causing employee turnover will be handled and top management level and action will be taken to minimize employee turnover. Thus the study suggests the nee d to investigate on the role played by the top management in the alleviating employee turnover investigation as necessary. The study also recommends the need for the managements to be vigilant with their exit interviews so as to get insights of why the employees are leaving while redoubling their efforts in streamlining the motivation package.