Evolution of Hair Color

Imagine a world with only brunettes in it. That was the world when the first human ancestors first started to appear as primates adapted and speciation created the lineage that would eventually lead to our modern-day humans. It is believed the very first hominids lived on the continent of Africa. Since Africa is directly on the equator, sunlight shines directly down throughout the entire year. This impacted evolution as it drove the natural selection of pigments in humans as dark as possible. Dark pigments, like melanin, help block harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating into the body through the skin and hair. The darker the skin or hair, the more protected from the sunlight the individual is. Once these human ancestors started migrating to other places throughout the world, the pressure to select for skin and hair colors as dark as possible let up and lighter skin colors and hair colors became much more common. In fact, once the human ancestors reached latitudes as high north as what is known today as the Western European and Nordic countries, skin color had to be much lighter in order for the individuals living there to get enough Vitamin D from the sunlight. While darker pigmentation in skin and hair block unwanted and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, it also blocks other components of sunlight that are necessary for survival. With as much direct sunlight as countries along the equator get on a daily basis, capturing Vitamin D is not an issue. However, as human ancestors migrated farther north (or south) of the equator, the amount of daylight varied throughout the year. In the winter, there were very few daylight hours in which the individuals could get out and ob tain the necessary nutrients. Not to mention it was also cold during these times which made it even more unappealing to get out during the daylight at all. As these populations of migrating human ancestors settled in these colder climates, pigments in the skin and hair started to fade and give way to new color combinations. Since hair color is polygenic, many genes control the actual phenotype of hair color in humans. That is why there are so many different shades of colors seen in different populations throughout the world. While it is possible that skin color and hair color are at least somewhat linked, they are not so closely linked that various combinations are not possible. Once these new shades and colors emerged in various areas around the world, it started to be less of a natural selection of traits than a sexual selection. Studies have been done to show that the less abundant any given hair color is in the gene pool, the more attractive they tend to be for suitors. This is thought to have led to the proliferation of blonde hair in Nordic areas, which favored as little pigment as possible for maximum absorption of Vitamin D. Once blonde hair began to be seen on individuals in the area, their mates found them more attractive than the others who had dark hair. Over several generations, blonde hair became much more prominent and proliferated over time. The blonde Nordics continued to migrate and found mates in other areas and hair colors blended. Red hair is most likely the result of a DNA mutation somewhere along the line. Neanderthals also most likely had lighter hair colors than those of their Homo sapien relatives. There was thought to be some gene flow and cross-breeding of the two different species in the European areas. This probably led to even more shades of the different hair colors.

Literary Works about Success - 788 Words

In a world full of success gurus and books about success, it becomes ever so more important to describe the one quality that ultimately leads to success. This plague conquered the human minds and pushed us, till we came up with the ideas to sell â€Å"success guiding books† and making money which leads to successfulness. In the story, the house, in which Paul’s family lives in, is personified to be standing for more money: â€Å"And so the house came to be haunted by the unspoken phrase: There must be more money! There must be more money! The children could hear it all the time though nobody said it aloud. (151)†. This is a symbolic element because it shows how much greed that house held, and how greed was driven by an addiction to money in each member of that house. There is never enough money for Paul’s mother and the house is caught the bug of that overwhelming need. It is this insatiable need for money that leads to consequences in the end as we read i n the story and lead to Paul’s death. But Paul’s death is just a small fraction of what is going on in the real world. Wars in the name of success were fought and driven humans to kill each other. A simple example is Napoleon; he conquered in the name of success. In other words, this communicates the theme of how money corrupts humanity. In the short story, The Rocking Horse Winner, there is a little boy who competed for his mothers love, and his mother brought her son to his death with her confusing vocabulary.Show MoreRelatedNew Grub Street994 Words   |  4 Pageshave no scruples about what they write so long as it brings them profit or popularity (Ward 32). The novel’s two main characters are Edwin Reardon and Jasper Milvain who just happen to be complete opposites. Edwin is the protagonist who is full of self-pity, brains, and insecurities. 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Seed Romoval Essay Example For Students

Seed Romoval Essay AbstractWhy do seeds disperse to form new plants? If the seeds simply fell and grew beneath the parent plants they would be too overcrowded and would be starved of nutrients. So it is important that the seeds are dispersed over a wide area where they stand a better chance of finding the right condition to grow. In this experiment I predicted that the red color of jello would have the highest mean number of seeds removed from the aluminum tin pan. Also, between site 1 and site 2 of jello set out, site 1 would have a higher total number of seeds removed. Basically, for this lab we placed ten oat seeds in five different colors of jello: red, yellow, orange, blue, and green which were molded into an aluminum tin pan. We also had two controls in which there was no jello. We placed the tin pans out onto two experimental sites. For a period of seven days, a group member would go out to the sites (approximately the same time of day) and replace the seeds in each tin pan and dispose of the ol d seeds away from the sites. The number of seeds removed from each tin pan was recorded. A chi-square test was calculated from our data and a p-value of 0.75 was determined. Results show that the highest mean number of seed removal came from the tin pans with the jello colors of blue and green. Red being the second lowest mean number of seeds removed. Also, site two had the higher total number of seeds removed compared to site one. The calculated p-value of 0.75 indicated that our data was statistically insignificant. There could have been many factors influencing our results since we are dealing with nature. IntroductionFlowering plants reproduce themselves by producing seeds. The seeds also provide the plants with a way to spread out and grow in new places, sometimes a long way from the parent. This is important because if the seeds are not dispersed, many germinating seedlings will grow very close to the parent plant. This results in competition between every one of the seedlings as well as with the parent plant. The competition is for light, space, water and nutrients. All of these are important for plants to be able to grow. (3) Seeds can be dispersed in a number of different ways. They may be carried by wind, water or animals. Thus, the reasons why we are calling this experiment as seed removal not seed predation. In this experiment we used five different colors of jello as our medium to place the oat seeds in. I hypothesized that the medium that contained the red jello will have the most seeds removed from it because of its high wavelength value, which is most visible to birds. (2) We placed the tin pans in two locations, one with bushes/trees around it and the other in open flat land. I also hypothesized that the location with bushes/trees around it will have more seeds removed from the jello because of predation living nearby in the bushes/trees. The animals wouldnt have to go far from their home to find food. MethodsThe general methods of this experi ment were taken from the Laboratory Manual for General Ecology written by Richard Mack and Alan Black. The overall experimental design was devised by our group. We obtained twelve aluminum weighing pans and molded jello into ten of the pans. We used five different colors: red, yellow, orange, green, and blue. There were two replicates for each color and two controls in which there were no jello. We used oat seeds; ten seeds in each aluminum pan. The seeds were probed into the jello in random locations spaced as equally apart as we could. The aluminum weighing pans were then placed and secured directly onto the ground with thin wires at the experimental sites. We placed the pans into two sites, each site having one color of jello and one control. Each pan was approximately placed five feet from one another and each site approximately fifteen feet from one another. The first site had a little slope and a couple bushes/trees surrounding it. The second site was more .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .postImageUrl , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:hover , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:visited , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:active { border:0!important; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:active , .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0 .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2593616ef413bbbad3b8ad1a42890a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide Essay

Of Mice and Men Importance of Friendship George and Lennie free essay sample

Of Mice and Men has many themes presented by Steinbeck, one of which is about friendship. The novella shows the relationship between the protagonists, George and Lennie, and showing how they try to achieve the American Dream by working together. This is in contrast to many of the other characters who are alone by themselves which seems to be the norm at the time of the Great Depression. The reader is able to look at how the need to have a companion is portrayed by Steinbeck, especially during the harsh economic times that the story is set in. The reliance that George and Lennie have on one another is able to emphasise on how it is only the friendship between the two of them which allows them to survive. Lennie saying ‘I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you. ’ is underlying the true reliance that both George and Lennie have for one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Importance of Friendship George and Lennie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lennie also sees his friend ‘he pulled his hat down more over his eyes the way George’s hat was. ’ as a role model and sees him as guidance as to how to live his own life. George needs Lennie as much as Lennie needs George despite Lennie being the one who is mentally challenged and in need of constant supervising. Steinbeck also uses the character Lennie to refer to how it should society should be collectively looking after the vulnerable in society rather than George having to look after him by himself. Thus the reliance of each of the main characters on one another emphasises how important the friendship is in keeping both them and the novella together. The friendship is also portrayed by Steinbeck as he is opposing the idea of people working just by themselves. â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They belong no place†¦they ain’t got nothing to look ahead to. †Ã‚   is showing what Steinbeck sees of the idea of itinerant workers being by themselves. This is despite the fact it would have much likely to be easier during the time of the Great Depression to be by yourself and have a sustinent way of life. Yet Steinbeck emphasises friendship by looking at how unhappy the people who are by themselves are. The fact that Lennie who can only understand basic ideas is able to see the migrant workers as ‘lonely’ goes to point out how a companion is needed to be able to live a happy life. They are also said to have ‘nothing to look ahead to,’ which counters the idea that people are able to achieve the American Dream just through hard work and determination from ‘rags to riches’. As a pair they are going against the ideology of ‘every man for himself’ which is preached as w Thus George and Lennie being together can be seen to show how they are closer to achieving the dream as a result of being able to work together. They are able to share the dream between one another which makes it a serious possibility. The circular narrative which then destroys the dream only makes it more tragic as it seems as if they had a possibility but there never was. This is what Steinbeck uses to undermine the idea of the American Dream for it is not even realistic despite co-operation. Thus due to the economic depression, Steinbeck shows that friendship is important to be able to cope through the difficult times The friendship is also important in comparing to other characters in the novella that are depicted as lonely as well as being the vulnerable in society. Curley’s wife is seen as one of the most isolated characters ‘Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever once in a while. ’ for all she desires is attention and for people to take notice of her. The fact that she has no-one to be with is what leads her to acting in a promiscuous manner and eventually this is also a cause of her death. Thus the strive to be happy without a friend can be fatal. Crooks is also a person who strives for friendship, ‘Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black. ’ but it is unable to get it because of his colour. This is also emphasises the oppressive nature of society at the time because Crooks is lonely for he has been segregated. Although most of the men have no true friends, they at least get to play cards and associate with others. Lennie, because of the colour of his skin and his friendship with George, cannot possibly understand Crooks plight. George chooses to kill Lennie at the novels end, realizing that Lennie could not stand the loneliness of being locked up in a prison or an asylum. This is also able to highlight the true friendship which is separated at the end which also brings an end to the novella. Thus the need for companionship, which is shown by other characters that are victimised within society, is emphasised as other strive for what George and Lennie have. Throughout the book Steinbeck uses many characters to emphasize a message which he wants to get across to the reader. This is how the importance of being able to share a friend was vital during the 1930’s as it was the time of the Depression era and everyone always needed someone else to be with. This is what makes the true friendship between George and Lennie a key component of the novella.