LAB IP 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

LAB IP 2 - Essay Example This includes ‘the peripatric’, ‘the parapatric’, ‘sympatric’, and ‘the allopatric’ speciation (Geographic, 2012). The allopatric speciation is said to occur when a particular species is separated into two groups. Isolation is a factor that emanates after separation. A separation occurs when a physical barrier creates a situation whereby the two isolated species cannot breed with each other. After the separation, the two species develop different features that are dictated by the new environment that constitutes their habitats. An example of this speciation is the Arizona Grand Canyon (Geographic, 2012). It is depicted that when this canyon formed, small mammals such as the squirrel could not interbreed. This was as a result of the newly created geographical barrier. It is noted that two different species of squirrels dominant the two parts of the Grand Canyon. However, birds were still able to fly over the barrier and thus were not affected by it. This meant that they were not divided into two different species. The same would happen if there were a barrier that would separate a species into two groups. They would develop new traits that march their new habitats. This will be possible if they are unable to bypass the barrier to interbreed with each

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Essay Example nd aerobic respiration (Campebell 141).   Glycolysis produces two ATP and thirty-four more ATPs are produced by aerobic pathways if there is presence of oxygen. In absence of oxygen, fermentation reactions produce alcohol or lactic acid but not ATP (Campebell 142). During vigorous exercises more oxygen is consumed faster than required. More ATP energy is supplied to muscles by the process of glycolysis resulting in build up of lactate in muscles (Campbell Neil A. 304). When lactate builds up blood pH drops and the muscles are fatigued. When at rest lactate gets converted back to pyruvate and oxygen debt is repaid. This is the reason why a person continues to breathe hard even after finishing a race or rapidly climbing fleet of stairs (Campbell Neil A. 304). 3. Oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain is carried out on the inner mitochondrial membrane (Strver 46). In absence of oxygen cellular respiration consists of only two metabolic pathways: glycolysis and fermentation both of which occurs in the cytosol (Strver 46). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol (cytoplasm) and does not require oxygen. It is a process that includes a number of chemical reactions, each that require special enzymes to make it happen (Campbell Neil A. 147). During the third step of the process glucose gets converted to fructose. Fructose from organism’s food is put into the process and there are other ways to react chemically dietary sugars, lipids and proteins so that their energy can be recovered (Campbell Neil A. 146). All nutrients are used as fuel and act as building blocks. During the process glucose (C6) is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3) (Strver 50).   This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) molecules. There are ten steps in glycolysis and each is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (Strver 51). Two ATP molecules are then used to phosphorylate and activate some compounds that are