European motivation Essays

European motivation Essays European motivation Essay European motivation Essay There Is also a free online version of the book at: http:// . NM. Halfpennyworth. Mom/zlnnapeopleshlstory. HTML. Students are encouraged to obtain their own copy since other chapters will be assigned throughout the course of the year. PART II: Answer the questions at the end of this handout to the first three chapters of Howard Zinc. The answers should be informative, detailed, and completed by the first day. PART Ill: Anyone reading history should understand from the start that there is no such thing as impartial history Howard Zinc, Declarations of Independence Write a one page paper describing whether or to you agree with the above statement. Make sure you use evidence to support your argument. You can give examples from your summer readings and/or any previous knowledge of history you may have. Upon completion of Howard Zions A Peoples History of the United States consider be administered in the first week of school). A. How did the interactions between Europeans and indigenous peoples, African slaves, and indentured servants shape colonial society in North America prior to 1750? How does Howard Zions A Peoples History paint a different portrait than what is normally taught? Explain. B. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in the North American colonies prior to 1700. C. Although Northerners and Southerners later came to think of themselves as having separate civilizations, the Northern and Southern colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries were in fact more similar than different. Assess this statement. D. Evaluate the extent to which trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600-1763 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in labor systems in the British North American colonies. When reading the chapters following the concept from below- CODES- this will enable you to actively read and grasp a stronger concept regarding the text. C Count and Number a Sequence or Chronology Many times in history textbooks, you will find concepts or ideas in a sequence or chronological order. A way to remember this is to simply write numbers where there is a sequence of events. When you go back to review the material, you can simply look and find the numbers you have written to review the chorological order. After you eve the chronological time-frame down, you can concentrate on the key details and other concepts. 0= Circle Important Vocabulary, Names Places Also in history textbooks, there are many vocabulary terms, names of people to know and places to remember. An easy way to annotate this concept is to circle these items. Clearly, one should look up vocabulary terms, research the person was and how they were significant and the significance of the places as well, but in an initial annotation of the textbook, this is a good way to identify these items first. D= Decide and Underline Key Details Many students develop techniques of underlining key details to identify the information they need to remember. This can be a very helpful technique, but one should limit the amount of underlining that is done. Too much underlining is worse than none, since it defeats the purpose, which is to clearly mark those items in a book or secondary reading that you think are important to remember. E= Emphasize the Most Important Ideas Identifying the most important ideas and points are also what history is about. In reading, you need to know what the big picture ideas and concepts are as well as, he main ideas within the chapter. Once you have identified the most important ideas, you can then back up this with key details. S= Summarize In Your Own Words truly shows your understanding. When you summarize articles or portions of chapter in your textbook, you are synthesizing information, and demonstrating your understanding of the material. This can be done on an open space or area in the article, or if you are summarizing the text, you can summarize in a section of your notebook. Wherever you have your summaries, this is the last step in the annotated process.

8 Interesting Facts About the Irish American Population

8 Interesting Facts About the Irish American Population How many facts and figures do you know about the Irish American population? Did you know, for example, that March is Irish-American Heritage Month? If so, you belong to a small group of Americans. Too few people know that there is such a month at all, let alone which month it falls in, according to the American Foundation for Irish Heritage. While a number of events internationally take place in honor of St. Patrick’s Day, celebrating the Irish throughout the month of March has yet to become a routine practice. The American Foundation for Irish Heritage aims to make the cultural heritage month, first celebrated in 1995, as popular as Black History Month or Hispanic Heritage Month. The group even offers tips on how to get the public to take more of an interest in celebrating the month-long observance, such as contacting public radio and television stations, Irish-American organizations and state governors. The foundation already has one agency in its corner; the US Census Bureau. Each year, the bureau acknowledges Irish-American Heritage Month by releasing facts and figures about the Irish population. Irish Ancestry in the US Population Although Oktoberfest is nowhere near as popular as St. Patrick’s Day in the US, more Americans claim to be of German ancestry than any other. Irish is the second most popular ethnicity Americans claim. Nearly 35 million Americans report having Irish heritage, according to the census. That’s seven times the population of Ireland, which is an estimated 4.58 million. Where Irish Americans Live New York is home to the largest percentage of Irish Americans in the country. The state boasts an Irish-American population of 13%. Nationwide, the Irish-American population averages 11.2%. New York City also has the distinction of being host to the first St. Patrick’s Day Parade. It took place on March 17, 1762, and featured Irish soldiers in the English military. In the 5th century, St. Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland, but the day in his honor has now come to be associated with anything Irish-related. Irish Immigrants to America Precisely 144,588 Irish immigrants became naturalized US residents in 2010. Wealth Among Irish Americans Households headed by Irish Americans actually have higher median incomes ($56,363 yearly) than the $50,046 average for US households generally. Not surprisingly, Irish Americans also have lower poverty rates than Americans as a whole. Just 6.9% of households headed by Irish Americans had incomes at the poverty level, while 11.3% of American households generally did. Higher Education Irish Americans are more likely than the US population as a whole to be college graduates. While 33% of Irish Americans 25 or older have at least earned a bachelor’s degree and 92.5 have at least a high school diploma, for Americans generally, the corresponding numbers are only 28.2% and 85.6%, respectively. The Workforce About 41% of Irish Americans work in management, professional and related occupations, the census reports. Next in line are sales and office occupations. Just above 26% of Irish Americans work in that field, followed by 15.7% in service occupations, 9.2% in production, transportation, and material moving occupations, and 7.8% in construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations. Median Age Irish Americans are older than the general US population. According to the 2010 census, the average American is 37.2 years old. The average Irish American is 39.2 years old. The Most Irish President John F. Kennedy broke the glass ceiling in 1961 by becoming the first Irish-American Catholic president. But he wasn’t the president with the most direct ties to Ireland. According to the Christian Science Monitor, Andrew Jackson holds this distinction. Both of his parents were born in Country Antrim, Ireland. They relocated to the United States in 1765, two years before his birth.

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets Essay

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets - Essay Example All the literature on market efficiency defines an efficient market as one where prices reflect all available information and sellers cannot earn windfall profits in a sustained manner (Fama, 1970). Large profits can be earned only by having inside information that is not publicly known and trading based on such information, or through misinformation; both are illegal. In an efficient market, assuming all companies disclose information to investors, only those who enter the market first may earn above average returns. Just like any other market, the one who arrives first can buy at a lower price and then, as demand goes up, sell at a higher price. This logic that consistently beating the market is not possible led to the creation of index funds that mimic the market's performance. Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. He claims that conclu... Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. So going back to our question: are markets efficient Fama (1998) thinks it is and that it continues to be so as proven by empirical studies (Fama and French 1992, 1993, 1996 and Malkiel, 1995). He claims that conclusions based on market anomalies discovered by behavioural finance are due to poorly done statistical work (1998, pp. 292-294) and amateurish techniques (1998, p. 296). He cited (1998, pp. 288-290) above average returns as the result of chance, that behavioural finance models are loaded with judgmental biases making it predictably easy to justify any hypothesis proposed, and that the efficient market hypothesis can explain all forms of market behaviour to date. Behavioural finance supporters Barberis, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) claim that an ongoing battle between rational and irrational traders exists in the market, with the irrational ones dominating. The systematic errors that irrational investors make when they use public information to form expectations of future cash flows overwhelm the efforts of rational traders to undo the former's market dislocating effects. Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998) state that irrational traders' overconfidence in interpreting

Ethical dilemmas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical dilemmas - Essay Example Ethical practices make good business sense, because ethical companies suffer less resentment, less litigation, and less regulatory oversight. Furthermore, ethical managers and ethical businesses tend to be more trusted and better treated by employees, suppliers, stockholders, and consumers. Organizations are a reflection of society; they are the method by which individuals unite to form a network of common interest. And each organization is a fluid enterprise. At its center are the managers and executives responsible for directing the resources of the company. Shareholders own the capital and expect a return on their investment. Workers produce the goods and expect a decent wage and safe working conditions. To have a successful enterprise, each group must be responsive to the others and balance its interest against the interests of the others. When the balance is upset or when the interests pull too hard against each other, the ethical system is damaged. For an enterprise to continually give value to human effort and to encourage creative achievements, a balance of all interests is required ( Parry, 2001). Administrative actions are shaped by three domains: legality, free choice, and integrity. The law defines and constrains the limits of potential actions, specifying the bounds of lawful behavior. What is legal is not necessarily moral; what is not prohibited by law is not necessarily ethical; and what minimally meets the law is not necessarily proper. While the law codifies customs, ideals, beliefs, and moral values of a society, it cannot possibly cover all possible human actions (Beauchamp, Bowie, 2002). The rightness of actions is constrained by the third domain, integrity, which is obedience to the unenforceable. This represents unwritten, often unspoken, guidelines for behavior for which no legal mandates or prohibitions exist. It is the grey area where neither law nor free choice prevail. This is the realm of integrity, the necessary foundation for ethical decision making. Ethics is different from law because it involves no formal sanctions. It is different from etiquette because it goes beyond mere social convention. It is different from religion because it makes no theological assumptions. It is different from aesthetics because it is aimed at conduct and character rather than objects. It is different from prudence because it goes beyond self-interest to include the interests of others. It is different from finance and marketing and governing and parenting and carpentry, in that it does not involve a special purpose or special role as its point of departure. Ethics is both a process of inquiry and a code of conduct. Ethical inquiry consists of asking the questions of what is good and what is evil, what is right and what is wrong. As a code of conduct, it is a sort of inner eye that enables people to see the rightness or wrongness of their actions. Values are core beliefs about what is intrinsically desirable. They underly the choices made in work decisions just as they underlie the choices made in one's private life. They give rise to ideals that are called ethics or morals. The two terms are sometimes confused. Actually, ethics and morals are synonymous. While ethics is derived from Greek, morals is derived from Latin. They are interchangeable terms referring to ideals of character and conduct. These

Mobile Phones for University Students Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phones for University Students Essay Nowadays modern technology is developing so rapidly that people can hardly catch up with its pace. There is no doubt that mobile phones, as a new industry of modern technology, have got into people’s life. As sensitive reflectors of information and fashion, more and more mobile phone users have appeared in the campus everywhere. While some students are enjoying whatever mobile phones have brought to us, there are others who stand against it. This essay will explain the possible effects of mobile phone use on university students, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks. The main benefits of mobile phones in university are as follows. Firstly, there is no denying the fact that mobile phones have made campus life more convenient. A recent survey found that mobile phones are becoming part of university life and 99. 7% of students use their own mobile phones to communicate with others (Ransford, 2009). As it can be seen, mobile phones provide students with a fast and convenient way of communication, such as getting in touch with schoolmates and hunting for jobs, which was previously unimaginable. Secondly, instead of going to the PC lab and finding computers to look for news on current events, students can use mobile-network to search the Internet. It is by this means that university students can broaden their horizon and enrich their minds. Lastly, with the help of mobile phones, students can do work more efficiently. Many students in university treat mobile phones as electronic dictionary and chart with teachers for academic purpose. They share useful information related to their lessons and solve academic problems sometimes. In this way, mobile phones not only can save our time and energy but also help with our study. However, the negative effects are also obvious. Above all, more and more university students are indulged in Java QQ and online games, which make them weak in study. Moreover, some even use mobile phones to cheat in the examinations. It has been reported that almost 80% university students use Java QQ constantly and more than half of them are in favor of it. Only less than 1/3 of them comment that it is bad to our health and study if students spend too much time on Java QQ and online games. Some students even spend a whole day playing with their mobile phones and send thousands of short messages every day. If they do not use Java QQ a day, they will feel anxious (Yang, 2009). In other words, some university students have regarded playing with mobile phones as a kind of habit and fashion. In the second place, some students often make comparison of others’ mobile phones. They always want to own an attractive and high-grade one. Consequently, it costs them too much money and energy to buy a new style in order to gratify their vanity. Finally, mobile phones in university also bring some health risks, both physical and mental, if not properly used. It has been highlighted the fact that some pornographic video and photos of two U.  S. high school girls was spread so rapidly that even police were hard to stop them. In addition, District Attorney James B. Martin said that at least 40 Parkland High School students believed to have received the pornographic images (Rubinkam, 2008). It is really harmful to university students’ future development, especially those are immature. In conclusion, everything has its advantages and disadvantages, and mobile phone is no exception. On the one hand, using mobile phones in university can help students communicate with each other more convenient, have rich knowledge and study more efficiently. On the other hand, mobile phones can also have bad influence on learning; encourage students’ vanities as well as mental injury. In my point of view, therefore, there are three solutions which can solve this problem. Firstly the university authority should intensify publicity and education. Secondly coercive measures can be put into effect, such as shielding the mobile phones in classrooms and libraries. Lastly university students should promote themselves and fight temptation. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of mobile phones.

Managing Change at SLMC Essay examples -- Change Management

If organizations are to thrive and be sustaining, they need to respond to the dynamics of their environment with change. However, change is not a singular event with an isolated focus (Spector, 2007). Effective strategic renewal is a combination of â€Å"the three faces of change†Ã¢â‚¬â€turnaround, which targets costs; technology, which targets internal process; and behavioral, which targets employee actions and interactions (Spector, 2007). In a discussion on change management, particularly management-by-control versus management-by-shaping, Palmer, et al. (2009) draw a similar conclusion that â€Å"organizations and human systems are complex and evolving and therefore cannot be reduced to a single, linear objective of maximizing shareholder value† (p. 50). Leaders and managers must be able to champion change in their organizations. Initiating and implementing new business strategies are some of the most significant and challenging of a leader’s duties (Mullins, 2011). Because people are often satisfied with the status quo, resistance to change is common. Therefore, a successful change leader must be capable of managing people and the process well. Unfreeze In order for SLMC to transform and achieve strategic renewal, which would require focus on the company’s fully insured health plan, the new leadership team made a compelling argument for change. By being able to demonstrate a need for change people will be less likely to resist change efforts (Mullins, 2011). Sloans’ new leadership was able to provide adequate justification for change by demonstrating the urgency that was required in order for the organization to survive. In addition, the new leadership explained the opportunities for success and advancement within the organ... ...Dunford, ,. R., & Akin, ,. G. (2009). Managing organizational change (2n ed.). New York, NY.: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Preziosi, R. C. ((n.d.)). Organizational Diagnosis Questioinnaire (ODQ). NA: NA. Robbins, & Coulter. (2007). Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., & Vohra, N. (2012). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Spector, B. (2010). Implementing organizational change: Theory into practice (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Tyson, B. (2010, August 25). Overview of Lewin's three stage change model. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/84148.aspx. Vecchio, R. P. (2008). Leadership understanding the dynamics of power and influence in Organizations,( 2nd ed.). Notre Dame, Indiana: university of Notre Dame Press.

Australian Poets: Oodgeroo Noonuccal Essay

This week we will be talking about an aboriginal poet Oodgeroo Noonuccal, also known as Kath walker, who lived from 1920 until 1993. Oodgeroo came from the Noonuccal tribe in Queensland. Once she had completed primary school she left because she believed that even if she stayed in school there wasn’t the slightest possibility of getting a better. Oodgeroo travelled the world telling others about the dreadful conditions the aboriginals were living under and campaigned for equal rights across Australia. Oodgeroo has published many poems including: Understand old one, Municipal gum, Namatjira and We are going. Although she did not begin publishing her poems until she was encouraged by a well known writer, when she was in her forties. Oodgeroo expresses her opinions on how life has changed for aboriginals through her poetry. This is evident in the poem Understand old one. In this poem Oodgeroo compares what Australia was like for her ancestors to what it is like for her. This poem expresses how life in Australia has changed especially for aboriginals. In the first half of the poem Oodgeroo is talking about how life was for her ancestors. It was calm and serene ? there on the old peaceful camping place of your red fires along the quiet waters’. She uses the soft drawn out words such as ? peaceful’ and ? place’ to help this image. Then she explains what life is like now. The busy cities, cars everywhere, ? towering stone gunyas high in the air’, ? planes in the sky’. It is now noisy and busy. She uses quick short sentences in this part of the poem to help bring across the idea of busyness. Her world is the complete opposite of the world that her ancestors lived in. Oodgeroo uses a metaphor of bees. She compares the swarms of cars in the city to bees to give the image of fast, paced, hustle and bustle of the city. She also uses alliteration to help emphasise the imagery used. She uses the alliteration of ? p’ sounds in the first half of the poem to help bring across the image of serenity and peacefulness. She then uses the repetition of ? s’ sounds (sky, swarm) to give an almost buzzing sound to help with imagery of bees. Finally she uses ? f’ sounds of ? frantic’ and ? flight’ to give the impression of speed. Oodgeroo also expresses her view on the way aboriginals have been treated in her poetry. An example of this is municipal gum. This poem compares the image of a gum tree in a city street and an overworked animal to what has happened to the aboriginal people. Oodgeroo compares the aboriginal people to the gum tree when she says ? o fellow citizen what have they done to us’. She likens the tree to herself giving her and the tree a sense of unity. She does this to help give a picture of how aboriginal people have been treated. She also compares the gumtree to a cart-horse. The gumtree has been removed from the forest and placed in the city with hard bitumen around it just as the poor cart-horse has been abused, ?castrated, broke, a thing wronged’ and ripped out of its habitat and is now depressed and miserable. She uses imagery throughout this poem. Firstly she gives the image of the ? cool world of leafy green halls’ where the tree should be. Then she says ? set in your black grass of bitumen’ giving the image of the tree imbedded in bitumen rather than in green grass. ?Whose hung head and listless mien express’ is giving the image of this animal that is broken, sad and wishing for death because it is so miserable. At the end of this poem Oodgeroo asks the rhetorical question ? What have they done to us? ‘ This gets the audience thinking but it also suggests that this image of a gum tree is just like what has happened to the aboriginal people. It compares the aboriginals to this gumtree stuck in the city instead of its natural place, the country. Oodgeroo often uses language that is spoken by aboriginals rather than proper English in her poetry. For example in municipal gum she says ? here you seems to me’ which breaks grammatical intentionally so that the language is closer to aboriginal spoken language. Another example is in Understand old one when she uses the word ?gunya’ to describe modern buildings. Gunya is the aboriginal word for houses. She purposely uses aboriginal language to create empathy and contrast and make it more aboriginal. Oodgeroo’s many works have been recognised for a number of awards including the Mary Gilmore medal (1970), The Jessie Lynchford Award (1975) and the Fellowship of Australian Writers’ Award. Oodgeroo was inspired by her aboriginal upbringing and heritage to write this poetry. Her father was a major influence. He told her to always be proud of her aboriginality and she was.

Highline Financial Services Essay

Every origination needs to separate themselves from their competition. From offering the newest and latest products to offering outstanding service. Highland Financial Services Itd. Is no different from other companies. Standing out from other organizations is critical for the company’s success. Managing partner Freddie Mack must use the information that he has been provided with to find if he may need to hire or layoff any personnel for the upcoming year. Doing this accurately will help the company reach their goals and insure the companies well being for the future. Freedie Mack will need to use moving average date technique. This technique that averages a number of recent values, updated as new values become available (Stevenson, 2012 p. 84). Freedie must use the following equation. Ft=Man= n E i-t At-i/n= At-n†¦+At-z+At-1/n. By taking amounts from each quarter in the corresponding service areas and dividing the values, Freedie will get the percent’s of growth. The example would be from year one, quarter one, service A and year two using service A quarter one (60/72=1.2% growth projection and then taking the 1.2% and multiplying this by 72). This would give the organization an 86 in service column A for year three, quarter one and so on for each quarter as we will see in the table below. Freedie would use this date to determine the growth or fall regarding the demand. He can use this to predict several years in the future using this technique. Using this technique is easy and easy to understand (Stevenson 2012, p.85). The observations from the technique are the service scores gradually are increasing with the average growth if 1.19% in service A, 1.15% growth in service B, and .98% in service C. Service A and B are growing at a higher pace, while service C is growing slower. To grow the service areas faster, Highland Financial Services Ltd. should offer higher service standards within the current service areas in the coming quarters and years. One option the company may want to explore is better training to up sell the better service package to their clients. This potentially would raise sales and allow them to hire more employees. Freedie should be concerned the organization is not growing in the service area C column. All but quarter three are down, the organization must do something to improve the service  for this quarter by looking into their operations strategy. Depending on what the companies current operations strategy is, they may want to revisit the strategy. Freedie must use up to date information on demand forecasting for the organization. One thing that they can do is use shorter time frames versus long term forecasting due to economy or other outside obstacles. Using short time frame forecasting will allow the organization flexibility if they need to adjust their forecast (Stevenson 2012, p.109). The organization should not layoff any personnel, but rather hire more staff for the business needs as they arise. While the trend shows a raise in service over the next year, they may want to plan for the future and look more into the next few years rather than just one year. Doing this will allow them to hire an appropriate amount of people and be able to train them to be ready for the upcoming business gain and future success of the business. Table below shows the forecast for Year 3 and the four quarters within the year. References: Stevenson, W, J. (2012) Operations Management, 11th edition, New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

William Shakespeares †The Rape of Lucrece †Essay

William Shakespeares – The Rape of Lucrece – Essay Free Online Research Papers William Shakespeares The Rape of Lucrece Essay General introduction: On May 9, 1594, ‘a booke intituled The Ravyshement of Lucrece’ was registered in the Hall Book of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, the English governments pre-publication registry. The poem printed in Quarto by Richard Field for John Harrison was published the same year under a new title: Lucrece. Therefore we have to mention that the name ‘William Shakespeare’ only appeared within the dedication. The Rape of Lucrece became the final and official title in 1616, the year Shakespeare died. The first Quarto edition is well-known for its accuracy. As regards the four following editions -Q2 in 1598, Q3 and Q4 in 1600 and Q5 in 1607– the editors took too much liberty with the original work. Furthermore Roger Jackson printed what he claimed to be a ‘Newly Revised’ edition in 1616. The fact is that there is no evidence at all that what was added or removed would have been approved by Shakespeare himself. The Rape of Lucrece and Venus and Adonis –registered one year before, on May 18 (1593)– were both dedicated to Shakespeare’s patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. As these two poems were something on which Shakespeare was intending to base his reputation with the public and to establish himself with his patron, they were meant to be displays of his virtuosity. Both poems demonstrated great technical skill. What is more they were certainly the most popular of his writings with the reading public and impressed everybody with his poetic genius. On the one hand, Venus and Adonis was licentiously erotic (though its sensuality was often rather comic); on the other hand, The Rape of Lucrece might seem to be tragic enough; the treatment of the poem is yet somewhat cold and distant. In both cases however the poet seemed to be displaying incredible dexterity rather than being ‘sincere’. The Rape of Lucrece is composed of three different parts: a dedication, an argument and the poem itself. The argument aims not just at giving the plot of the poem, as John Milton did for instance in Paradise Lost. The plot is present, of course, but the argument resemble more a summary of the Roman sources. As to the poem, it is a narrative one. It is made of 1,855 lines and written in rhyme royal, that is to say each stanza is seven lines long and the rhyme scheme is ababbcc. Geoffrey Chaucer, the outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and author of The Canterbury Tales, pioneered this rhyme scheme in England in his works Troilus and Criseyde and The Parlement of Foules. Rhyme royal was going out of fashion when Shakespeare wrote The Rape of Lucrece in spite of later poets including Milton in the 17th century. The first stanza of the poem, for instance, aptly displays the rhyming pattern and even epitomizes Shakespeare’s systematic use of pentameters: ..aFrom the besieged Ardea all in post, ..bBorne by the trustless wings of false desire, ..aLust-breathà ¨d Tarquin leaves the Roman host, ..bAnd to Collatium bears the lightless fire ..bWhich, in pale embers hid, lurks to aspire ..c And girdle with embracing flames the waist ..c Of Collatines fair love, Lucrece the chaste.’ The argument introduces the reader to a pseudo-historical background. Indeed Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was, in legend, the son or grandson of Tarquinius Priscus and son-in-law of Servius Tullius. He supposedly murdered Tullius, became afterwards the seventh and last king of Rome and established an absolute despotism- hence his name Superbus, meaning â€Å"the proud†. In the reign of terror that followed, many senators were put to death. Eventually a group of senators led by Lucius Junius Brutus raised a revolt, the immediate cause of which was the rape of a noblewoman, Lucretia, by Lucius Tarquinius son Sextus. As a result the Tarquin family was expelled from Rome, and the monarchy at Rome was abolished (traditionally in 509 BC). The argument takes all that story for granted. Furthermore Shakespeare sort of â€Å"rebaptized† his main characters within the poem. Actually he just shortened their names: Sextus Tarquinius would be simply called Tarquin, Lucretia Lucrece, and Collatinus Collatine. Nevertheless we may add that Shakespeare re-centered his work on the rape by Tarquin, on Lucrece’s committing suicide, too, but he also gave himself over to huge internal monologues. Indeed the fact is that there is no exordium and that the poem begins in medias res. For example Lucrece ushers Tarquin in on line 50: ‘When at Collatium this false lord arriv’d, Well was he welcom’d by the Roman dame’ The passage we have to deal with is situated approximately in the beginning of the second part of the poem, from line 1072 to line 1190. Lucrece has already been raped and, now, she is wondering what to do; could she possibly continue to live in infamy or should she stab herself in order to ‘clear this spot by death’ (l.1053)? Outline: In order to elucidate both the reasons of Lucrece’s decision and what Shakespeare may have intended to demonstrate our exposà © will centre on three different parts: Firstly, we will focus on the many primary sources and verify if, by any chance, our passage would not just have been some literary invention. Then, on making a close-reading of the excerpt, we will study it through the perspective of a complaint –be it a literary or musical genre- and see how sound-pattern and rhyming evoke the central themes of love, death and resurrection. Finally, in our third part, we will make a comparative study of our passage with Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book VI which includes the story of Philomel; we will be able to draw a parallel between the two women and, at last, will understand how on using an ancient myth Shakespeare created a new one. I The Primary Sources: We will now tackle the different sources Shakespeare used. We have found at least three important texts. The original story of the rape of Lucrece was first mentioned in The History of Rome, written by Livy, in full Titus Livius. The man was born in 59 BC in Italy and died in AD 17. Titus Livius, with Sallust and Tacitus, was one of the three great Roman historians. His History of Rome became a classic in his own lifetime and exercised a profound influence on the style and philosophy of historical writing down to the 18th century. Livy began by composing and publishing in units of five books. His material becoming more and more complex, it finally reached a total of 142 books. Furthermore it approximately encompassed a period of four hundred years -from 386 BC, that is to say the foundation of Rome until the sack of the city by the Gauls, to 9 BC, thirty-five years after the Battle of Actium. To be precise the story of Sextus Tarquin and a woman named Lucretia is to be found in books 57, 58 and 59 and it is supposed to have occurred before the Social War of 91 BC. However Livy was not always reliable. On writing, he sometimes accepted undocumented accounts, more properly categorized as legend than as history. Such is, as we have just said, this story of the rape of Lucretia. The account is taken as fact by some, as fiction by others. Has Shakespeare based his work directly on the Latin version entitled Ab urbe condita or on William Painter’s translation in The Pallace of Pleasure published in 1566? We can logically assume he used both. The second important source of information is Ovid’s Fasti that is to say the Roman Calendar. Likewise, Shakespeare may have used an English translation of Fasti by Arthur Golding or just the original Latin text. Of course, he may also have paged through both texts while writing his poem. Fasti was a 12-volume account of the Roman Calendar that listed special events and festivals on a given day. Book II of Fasti tells the story of the rape of Lucretia because of its importance as a significant turning point in Roman history and because it used as evidence of the corruption of the reigning King of Rome; after all the incident led to the overthrow of the king and to the establishment of the Roman republic. The third major source is Geoffrey Chaucer’s Legend of Good Women, from line 1680 to 1886. It was written in the 1380s and was Chaucer’s final dream-vision poem. The stories- concerning such women of Antiquity as Cleopatra and Lucrece- are brief and rather mechanical, with the betrayal of women by wicked men as a regular theme; consequently, the whole is often considered more as a legend of bad men than of good women. Let’s now focus more specifically on Livy’s History of Rome. As we have just said the original events are related in three books. On trying to compare them with Shakespeare’s Rape of Lucrece we noticed that the argument was a summarize of the whole story which started ‘at that time in possession of Ardea’ and ended up with a huge description of the rebellion of the Roman citizens and ‘a banishment against Tarquin with his wife and children’. Therefore our passage appears to be a creation. As a matter of fact it is a 200-line development of the phrase ‘Lucretia, overwhelmed with grief at such a frightful outrage’ found in the middle of Book 58. William Painter’s Second Novell, which is extracted from The Pallace of Pleasure, was the official translation of Livy’s three books. There is even less mentioning of Lucrece’s reaction in it. In fact there is none. ‘†¦[Tarquin] departed. Then Lucrece sent a post to Rome†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. As for Ovid’s Fasti we have only been able to work on John Gower’s translation published in 1640 but Shakespeare is likely to have used another English translation of it by Arthur Golding. Ovid seemed not to be interested in a political perspective. The end of the translation of his poem is four lines long and Shakespeare finished his work similarly. Indeed the last stanza encapsulates Livy’s original and very long description of the overthrow of the Tarquins. If we take a look at the required excerpt in John Gower’s translation we see that four lines –from number 91 to 94- are devoted to Lucrece’s moral and physical decay: ‘Why triumph’st thou? Thy conquest is thy fall: Ah, what a price bought’st thou that night withall! Now day appear’d: with scatter’d hairs she lies, As doth a mother when her deare sonne dies.’ The first two lines are actually the first occurrence of interior monologue and the first time we are allowed to share Lucrece’s sorrow. Then, thanks to a zero focalization, Ovid introduced elements such as the ‘scatter’d hairs’ and the mother-and-son relationship that Shakespeare will revisit. Geoffrey Chaucer’s version of the story –from line 1680 to 1885 in The Legende of Good Women- explicitly refers to the primary sources: line 1684 we can read ‘as sayth Ovyde, and Titus Lyvius’. Thus, Chaucer’s text already mixed both narratives and his own commentaries. Nonetheless there are once more no allusions to Lucrece’s mental suffering. Chaucer preferred to depict the heroin’s physical decline with details such as ‘dysshelvelee with hir heere clere’ (l.1829). As a conclusion we can therefore state that our passage in Shakespeare’s Rape of Lucrece is nothing but an invention, a personal and exaggerated development –we could even say a magnifying- of Lucrece’s torment. Besides we can draw a parallel between Shakespeare’s poem and The Complaint of Rosamond written by Samuel Daniel in 1592. The latter text may have brought the complaints of afflicted women into fashion. Rosamond was Henry II’s mistress and was poisoned by the queen. The question of dishonour is at stake in both stories. If Rosamond’s purity was corrupted, her descendants would also be dishonoured. For example both poems sharpen the false idea that shame is reflected on their faces: in Shakespeare’s Rape of Lucrece, from line 1342 to 1344 ‘But they whose guilt within their bosoms lie, Imagine every eye beholds their blame, For Lucrece thought he blushed to see her shame’ in Daniel’s Complaint of Rosamond, from line 283 to 285 ‘Thou must not fondly thinke thy selfe transparent, That those who see thy face can judge the fact; Let her have shame that cannot closely act.’ II – A Complaint : Thus we will now try to analyse the poem through the perspective of a complaint as a literary and musical genre. We will have recourse to a close-reading of the lexical fields, of the musicality via rhythm, and also to the rhyming and sound pattern. By definition a complaint, also called plaint in literature, is a formerly popular variety of poem that laments or protests unrequited love or tells of personal misfortune, misery, or injustice. Though Philomel is said to be ‘lamenting’ (l.1079) The Rape of Lucrece cannot be called a lament -a lament being a nonnarrative poem expressing deep grief or sorrow over a personal loss. The form developed as part of the oral tradition along with heroic poetry. In short, our passage is composed of seventeen stanzas and as we have said in the introduction; each stanza is seven lines long in rhyme royal. Each line being at least a pentameter, that means that the rhythm and the unfolding of the text are based on excess. What is more the rhyming pattern is quite regular. Indeed except of a few false rhymes which are called eye rhyme or sight rhyme, Shakespeare remained extremely respectful of the musical pattern. In fact there are only four eye rhymes in our passage 1105-1106 Sometime her grief is dumb and hath no words; Sometime ‘tis mad and too much talk affords. 1117 – 1118 Great grief grieves most at that would do it good; Deep woes roll forward like a gentle flood, 1131-1132 So I at each sad strain will strain a tear, And with deep groans the diapason bear; 1180-1181 Revenge on him that made me stop my breath. My stainà ¨d blood to Tarquin I’ll bequeath, Those false rhymes are not haphazard since the speaker lays an extremely strong emphasis on metatextual elements –‘no words’ or ‘too much talk’- and overdoes in using alliteration -‘great grief grieves’- or diacope –‘sad strain will strain’. Those excesses foretell Shakespeare’s ridiculing his own work and his distancing from it. The speaker also plays on clichà ©s and conventions in our last eye rhyme, line 1181: ‘Revenge on him that made me stop my breath. My stainà ¨d blood to Tarquin I’ll bequeath Which by him tainted shall for him be spent, And as his due writ in my testament.’ The testament was a poetical convention well-known in England such as The Will or The Legacy written by John Donne. As far as clichà ©s are concerned the tear is another element which cannot be skipped out. On identifying herself with Philomel, on line 1076, Lucrece says or thinks: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmine eyes like sluices, As from a mountain-spring that feeds a dale, Shall gush pure streams to purge my impure tale.’ Throughout the whole passage tears seem to be a means to purify the outraged woman. They embody a fundamental mode of expression to convey the concept of inner suffering. Despite the ‘flood’ of tears and the expression of alienation Lucrece seems to find no remedy. There is nothing to soothe her. As a consequence we may say that it is the beginning of the end. The hyppalage ‘my impure tale’ which follows an alliteration in ‘p’ is all the more important since it deepens Lucrece’s distress. This conventional procedure is maybe so much emphasized that even the birds scoff at her (l.1121 – 1127): ‘â€Å"You mocking birds,† quoth she, â€Å"your tunes entomb Within your hollow-swelling feathered breasts, And in my hearing be you mute and dumb; My restless discord loves no stops nor rests; A woeful hostess brooks not merry guests. Relish your nimble notes to pleasing ears; Distress likes dumps when time is kept with tears.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This stanza hinges round musical terms and allusions. Surprisingly enough all these elements imply silence: ‘Hollow-swelling’ suggests hollow-sounding. ‘Discord’ relies, on the one hand, on a combination of musical sounds that strikes the ear harshly and, on the other hand, on a lack of harmony between two persons; ‘relish’ can be interpreted as another musical term, meaning â€Å"to appreciate with taste and discernment†. What is more the last two lines of the stanza have an asymmetrical stress pattern. The first one beginning with a trochee, the second one with an iamb. Hence the whole stanza displays a range of technical terms and gives a sheer contrast between what poetry could be all about –a literary contrivance meant to ‘abuse our ears’ (All’s Well that ends Well V.3.325)- and what the heroin is expecting. In short, Shakespeare debunks his own outstanding literary technique. Moreover line 1108 the poet introduces intertextual hints referring to his own work. Indeed ‘Make her moans mad with their sweet melody’ echoes with ‘This music mads me’ taken from the tragedy Richard II, V, 5,61. We may also point out the particular ending of lines 1140 and 1141: ‘These means, as frets upon an instrument, Shall tune our heart-strings to true languishment’ We obviously remark that both ‘instrument’ and ‘languishment’ – which stand for metatextual elements are dactyls. This conjures up the characteristics of the tone of the complaint for those complaints were recited like incantations. Moreover the supernatural is present within the text. Line 1147, Shakespeare alludes to Orpheus’ magical powers: ‘To creatures stern sad tunes to change their kinds.’ Orpheus was an ancient Greek legendary hero endowed with superhuman musical skills. According to some legends, Apollo gave Orpheus his first lyre. Orpheus singing and playing were so beautiful that animals and even trees and rocks moved about him in dance. The second interesting aspect of Orpheus’ legend relies on his love towards Eurydice. The latter had been killed by a snakebite. Overcome with grief, Orpheus had ventured himself to the land of the dead to attempt to bring Eurydice back to life. His music and grief so moved Hades, king of the underworld, that Orpheus was allowed to take Eurydice with him back to the world of life and light. There was just one condition both Orpheus and Eurydice were forbidden to look back. On climbing up towards the opening into the land of the living, Orpheus, seeing the Sun again, turned back to share his delight with Eurydice. In that moment, she disappeared. This omnipresent and omnipotent watching over mortals is experienced as an ordeal by Lucrece. Nevertheless sexual innuendoes crop up and reveal Shakespeare’s constant irony: †¦.‘O eye of eyes! Why pry’st thou through my window? Leave thy peeping, Mock with thy tickling beams eyes that are sleeping’ (l.1088-1090) Irony is also present in the term chosen by the poet to foreshadow Lucrece’s death. The ‘merciless conclusion’ (l.1160) is reminiscent of Cleopatra’s suicide after she had ‘pursued conclusions infinite / Of easy ways to die.’ (Antony and Cleopatra V, 2, 353) Since The Rape of Lucrece had been written in the perspective of a complaint it had to end up with the protagonist’s death. Here again however the poet undermined the literary canon and conveyed the rebirth of his heroin at the very end of our passage: ‘For in my death I murder shameful scorn; My shame so dead, mine honour is new born’. Lucrece can be equated to the mythical phoenix which was a fabulous bird worshipped in ancient Egypt. It was said to be as large as an eagle, with brilliant scarlet and gold plumage and a melodious cry. Only one phoenix existed at any time. Furthermore the Egyptians associated the phoenix with immortality since it rose from its ashes. This idea of eternal regeneration will be developed in the following and last part via the process of rewriting. III Philomel’s myth undone and knitted again: First of all we will summarize the original myth of Philomela. In Greek mythology, more precisely in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book VI, Tereus was the king of Thrace and had married Procne, daughter to Pandion, king of Athens. Procne asked him to go and bring her sister back to her because she had not seen her since their union. Tereus seduced by Philomela’s beauty decided to rape her. In order to hide his guilt, he cut out Philomelas tongue. But she revealed the crime to her sister by working the details in embroidery. Procne sought revenge by killing and serving up her son Itys for Tereus supper. On learning what Procne had done, Tereus pursued the two sisters with an axe. But the gods took pity and changed them all into birds, Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a nightingale (or swallow), and Philomela into a swallow (or nightingale). Let’s now focus on the elements of our passage that are taken from the original myth and used in different ways. We have been working on Arthur Golding’s translation. It seems that our passage in The Rape of Lucrece is a rewriting and a subversion of Philomela’s myth. Both stories are adopting the same point of view concerning the rape in itself and the rapist’s attitude. In both stories we can underline an isotope of war. In Book VI, line 578: ‘When (see the chaunce) came Philomele in raiment very rich, And yet in beautie farre more rich, even like the Fairies which Reported are the pleasant woods and water springs to haunt, So that the like apparel and attire to them you graunt. King Tereus at the sight of hir did burne in his desire’ This passage is the first encounter between Procne and Tereus. Right from the start lust is overwhelming Tereus. Philomel’s beauty is compared to the one of a fairy. All the senses are abnormally heightened. King Tereus burned in his desire and nothing could dissuade him from raping her. We have to mention that both Tarquin and Tereus resort to violence and more especially to the use of a sword to assuage their lust: ‘To take hir, and in maintenance thereof by sword to stand.’ (l.594) Both Philomel and Lucrece are referred to female enemies that are to be ‘vanquisht’. In Ovid’s Book VI, line 664, we see: ‘†¦ There waxing pale and trembling sore for feare, And dreading all things, and with teares demaunding sadly where Hir sister was, he shet hir up: and therewithall bewraide His wicked lust, and so by force bicause she was a Maide And all alone he vanquisht hir.’ In The Rape of Lucrece the lexical field of war and battle is echoing the original myth. The psychological reactions of Lucrece are described in terms of rebellion, and inner fights. ‘So with herself is she in mutiny’ (l.1153) Moreover this image of a besieged stronghold is reinforced from line 1170 to 1174: ‘Her house is sack’d, her quiet interrupted, Her mansion batter’d by the enemy; Her sacred temple spotted, spoil’d, corrupted, Grossly engirt with daring infamy:’ Lucrece suffers from a total invasion of privacy, which is reinforced by the anaphora on ‘Her’. Those few lines prove that, in Lucrece’s view, it is a personal, physical and spiritual outrage but it also reveals a military dimension of the rape. Nonetheless the use of military words as a running metaphor pervading the two narratives is not the only link between them. Both stories turn around silence, mutism and more generally around the voice of the victim. In the first stanza of our passage, line 1076, Lucrece declares ‘My tongue shall utter all’ which is a reaction similar to the one of Philomela following her rape. In the original myth we can read line 697: ‘As prisoner in these woods, my voice the verie woods shall fill, And make the stones to understand’ It seems that for the victim there is a necessity to reveal the outrage and explain their own attitude not to be morally condemned. But the main difference between those two stories is that while Lucrece can speak and will discuss with her husband and father, Philomel is savagely reduced to silence by Tereus. ‘But as she yirnde and called upon hir fathers name, And strived to have spoken still, the cruell tyrant came And with a paire of pinsons fast did catch hir by the tung, And with his sword did cut it off.’ (l. 707 to 710) On one hand we have Philomel who is kept prisoner on the woods by the rapist, who cannot escape and is weighted down by worries. On the other hand, Lucrece does not want to be alive at sunrise and chooses to withdraw into total silence. ‘But cloudy Lucrece shames herself to see, And therefore still in night would cloister’d be.’ (ll. 1084-1085) Let’s now focus on the presence or non-presence of tears. What is particular to The Rape of Lucrece is the Lucrece’s attitude and the mourning of her integrity. In the original myth, line 746, we can read: ‘And weepe she could not’. It seems that tears have taken a new dimension in Shakespeare’s poem. As if they were in themselves a way to communicate, to express one’s feeling. Tears can be as important as monologue or direct speech. Throughout the whole poem and especially in our passage Lucrece is described as an outraged woman who cannot help weeping. Shakespeare mixed up several elements to reinsert them in a different way. Moreover, in the original myth Philomela is described with scattered hair, on line 674: ‘Anon when that this mazednesse was somewhat overpast, She rent hir haire, and beate hir brest.’ Shakespeare re-uses some elements on line 1128. Lucrece interprets in her own way Philomel’s myth. We must underline that, to some extent, Lucrece will also ‘beate hir brest’ using a knife. She identifies herself with that outraged woman and at the same time changes Philomel’s story into her own. ‘Come, Philomel, that sing’st of ravishment, Make thy sad grove in my dishevelled hair.’ We can draw another parallel between those two stories concerning colour and the meaning of red and white. In the original myth Philomel cannot talk since she had her tongue cut but she succeeds to inform her sister of what had happened to her by weaving a message in red letters on a white cloth, line 736: ‘A warpe of white upon a frame of Thracia she did pin, And weaved purple letters in betweene it.’ Those two colours are extremely significant in Shakespeare’s poem since they represent Lucrece’s feelings. Lucrece often blushes and many allusions are linked to the colour of her face, as if we could read her thoughts, as if we could see her impurity. Moreover there are references to children, childhood, and mother-and-son relationship. As we have said earlier Procne killed her own child in the original myth in order to revenge her sister. We can maybe draw another parallel between Itys’ death and this passage: ‘That mother tries a merciless conclusion, Who having two sweet babes, when death takes one, Will slay the other and be nurse to none.’ (l.1160-1163) We could say that Procne felt responsible of the outrage made to her sister and having lost her sister’s confidence, she decided to kill her son. One can object that the sisters’ relationship is still very strong but something has happened that will change their relationship into a mutual suffering. In that way we can say that their sisterhood is spoiled. Procne becomes Philomel’s fellow sufferer such as Philomel becomes Lucrece’s. All those incessant coming and going eventually illustrate the second meaning of Lucrece’s craft. Indeed she was an expert weaver and would have been capable of remodelling the old to create something new. Conclusion: As a conclusion we may say that this remodelling could also have been Shakespeare’s deepest purpose on writing The Rape of Lucrece. Actually the study of this passage enabled us to dig out the tremendous mythological, historical and literary background the poet used. And what we have been attending came to be the creation of a new myth. Research Papers on William Shakespeare's - The Rape of Lucrece - EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBringing Democracy to AfricaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Collecting Used Vegetable Oil for Homemade Diesel Fuel

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Synthesis and Characterization of the Polyhalogen Complex CsICl2 Lab Report

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Understanding Yourself as a Facilitator of Learning Research Paper

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